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Progressions: (lesson 2 of 2)

## Geometric Progressions

### Definition:

By geometric progression of $m$ terms, we mean a finite sequence of the form

$$a, \; a r, \; a r^2, \; ..., \; a r^{m-1}$$

The real number $a$ is known as the first term of the geometric progression, and the real number $r$ is called the ratio of the geometric progression.

Example 1:

Consider the finite sequence of numbers

$$4, \; 8, \; 16, \; 32, \; 64, \; 128, \; 256, \; 512, \; 1024$$

In this sequence, the ratio between successive terms is constant and equal to 2.

Here, we have: $a = 4$ and $r = 2$.

### $k-th$ term of the geometric progression:

The $k-th$ term of the geometric progression is equal to

$$\color{blue}{a r^{k-1}}$$

### Sum of an geometric progression:

The sum of the m terms of a geometric progression is equal to

$$\color{blue} { S = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {a \cdot m \hspace{1.8cm} \text{if} \ r = 1 }\\ {\frac{{a - a{r^m}}}{{1 - r}} \hspace{1cm} \text{if} \ r \ne 1} \end{array}} \right. }$$

Example 2:

Consider the geometric sequence $1, \; \frac{1}{2}, \; \frac{1}{4}, \; \frac{1}{8},...$

Here we have: $a = 1$ and $r = \frac {1}{2}$.

The sum of the first $m$ terms is equal to

$$\frac{a - a{r^m}}{1 - r} = \frac{1 - 1 \cdot {( \frac{1}{2} )}^m}{1 - \frac{1}{2}} = 2 - {( \frac{1}{2} )}^{m - 1} = 2 - \frac{1}{2^{m - 1}}$$

This value gets very close to 2 if $m$ is very large.