Step 1: Write second polynomial below the first one. Making sure like terms are lined up.
$$ \begin{array}{lrrrr} & 5x^3 & -9x^2 & -42x & -9 \\ \color{blue}{ + } & & & x & -4 \\ \hline \end{array} $$Step 2: Combine like terms (add each column):
$$ \begin{array}{lrrrr} & 5x^3 & -9x^2 & -42x & -9 \\ \color{blue}{ + } & & & x & -4 \\ \hline & 5x^3 & -9x^2 & -41x & -13 \end{array} $$