Step 1: First we have to write polynomials in descending order.
$$ \begin{aligned} P(x) &= 8a+1 \\ Q(x) &= -7a^3-5a+4 \\ \end{aligned} $$Step 2: Write second polynomial below the first one. Making sure like terms are lined up.
$$ \begin{array}{lrrr} & & 8a & 1 \\ \color{blue}{ + } & -7a^3 & -5a & 4 \\ \hline \end{array} $$Step 3: Combine like terms (add each column):
$$ \begin{array}{lrrr} & & 8a & 1 \\ \color{blue}{ + } & -7a^3 & -5a & 4 \\ \hline & -7a^3 & 3a & 5 \end{array} $$