Rewrite $ a^2-x^2 $ as:
$$ \color{blue}{ a^2-x^2 = (a)^2 - (x)^2 } $$Now we can apply the difference of squares formula.
$$ I^2 - II^2 = (I - II)(I + II) $$After putting $ I = a $ and $ II = x $ , we have:
$$ a^2-x^2 = (a)^2 - (x)^2 = ( a-x ) ( a+x ) $$