To factor $ 4ak^2-12ar+k^2-3r $ we can use factoring by grouping.
Group $ \color{blue}{ 4ak^2 }$ with $ \color{blue}{ -12ar }$ and $ \color{red}{ k^2 }$ with $ \color{red}{ -3r }$ then factor each group.
$$ \begin{aligned} 4ak^2-12ar+k^2-3r &= ( \color{blue}{ 4ak^2-12ar } ) + ( \color{red}{ k^2-3r }) = \\ &= \color{blue}{ 4a( k^2-3r )} + \color{red}{ 1( k^2-3r ) } = \\ &= (4a+1)(k^2-3r) \end{aligned} $$