Step 1 :
After factoring out $ 3 $ we have:
$$ 3a^{2}-27 = 3 ( a^{2}-9 ) $$Step 2 :
Rewrite $ a^{2}-9 $ as:
$$ a^{2}-9 = (a)^2 - (3)^2 $$Now we can apply the difference of squares formula.
$$ I^2 - II^2 = (I - II)(I + II) $$After putting $ I = a $ and $ II = 3 $ , we have:
$$ a^{2}-9 = (a)^2 - (3)^2 = ( a-3 ) ( a+3 ) $$