To factor $ 10a^{3}+4a^{2}+5a+2 $ we can use factoring by grouping:
Group $ \color{blue}{ 10x^{3} }$ with $ \color{blue}{ 4x^{2} }$ and $ \color{red}{ 5x }$ with $ \color{red}{ 2 }$ then factor each group.
$$ \begin{aligned} 10a^{3}+4a^{2}+5a+2 = ( \color{blue}{ 10x^{3}+4x^{2} } ) + ( \color{red}{ 5x+2 }) &= \\ &= \color{blue}{ 2x^{2}( 5x+2 )} + \color{red}{ 1( 5x+2 ) } = \\ &= (2x^{2}+1)(5x+2) \end{aligned} $$