Find the characteristic polynomial of the matrix
$$ A = \left( \begin{matrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&1&0\\0&1&0&1\\0&0&1&0\end{matrix} \right) $$The characteristic polynomial for matrix A is:
$$ p(\lambda) = $$The characteristic polynomial is given by
$$ p(\lambda) = det(A - \lambda I) $$In this example we have:
$$ \begin{aligned} p(\lambda) &= det(A - \lambda I) = det \left( \left[ \begin{matrix}0&1&0&0\\1&0&1&0\\0&1&0&1\\0&0&1&0\end{matrix} \right] - \left[ \begin{matrix} \lambda & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \lambda & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \lambda \end{matrix} \right] \right) = \\ &= \left| \begin{matrix}0 - \lambda &1&0&0\\1&0 - \lambda &1&0\\0&1&0 - \lambda &1\\0&0&1&0 - \lambda \end{matrix} \right| = \\ & = \end{aligned} $$